The Importance of Physical Fitness During Pregnancy Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; It is good for any woman to be physically fit throughout her life. However, being in good physical condition before becoming pregnant is substantial. Being fit helps a woman’s body meet the physical demands of carrying and delivering a baby. Regular exercise reduces the occurrence of common pregnancy ailments. Unless a doctor decides against it for medical reasons, pregnant women can and should be active before, during and after pregnancy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; It is recommended that pregnant women keep their exercises at a moderate level. Running isn’t recommended unless the mother was a runner before she became pregnant, especially in the third trimester. Some very helpful exercises can include:†¦show more content†¦The third exercise includes relaxation techniques, which help to conserve energy for when it really needs to be used. It helps assist the mind to focus and increase awareness. The fourth type, Kegel exercises, is where the woman contracts the vaginal muscles, as if to stop the flow of urine. This strengthens the muscles that surround the openings of the urethra, vagina and anus, which can become weak due to the constant pressure of pregnancy. It has been shown through studies that exercising aids in strength, flexibility, muscle tone and endurance, all in which help in areas such as carrying extra weight, preparing for the physical stresses of labor and contributing in shedding the pounds postpartum (Gulino 2). Exercise also helps in relieving that excess weight gain, swelling, varicose veins, fatigue and leg cramps. It helps to prevent depression and establish confidence both before and after labor. Exercise lowers stress and improves emotional health. It has been shown through studies that women who exercise during pregnancy have shorter labors as well as a decreased need for painkillers and an epidural during labor and delivery (Hudson 1). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A good pregnancy program that is built into a woman’s daily lifestyle has its many benefits. Some helpful hints on what to do are to exercise three to four times a week avoiding bouncyShow MoreRelatedPrenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesof your growing baby. The importance of a healthy diet and exercise cannot be more critical during the pregnancy and postpartum stages of a womans life. There are few changes that alter a womans life hormonally, physically, and mentally. So that you can better be prepared for these experiences, I have prepared a healthy activity list below that I believe will positively affect the infants future development and your well being. †¢ Nutrition during and after pregnancy is important. 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Power, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken Taylor And...

(450)First Annotated Bibliography: Guzzini, Stefano. 2013. Power, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Guzzini (2013) defines the important features of international relations theories, which define the underscoring themes of â€Å"realism† as a dominant type of political methodology for American imperialism. Realism is a theory that relies heavily on the notion of self-interested and fear-based notions of protecting national interests, which the United States has utilized through its powerful military. This international relations policy has generated a trend in post-9/11 American politics that has defined a unilateral approach to national threats on a global scale. Guzzini (2013) defines the underscoring political issues in American unilateralism that defines the realist perspective as a type of political responsibility of the United States to protect democracy around the world. This form of neo-imperialism is based on the premise that the U.S. can validate or rationalize the invasion of a non-democratic/terrorist nation without diplomatic cooperation with the UN or other na tions. These are the important aspects of Guzzini’s (2013) important evaluation of â€Å"realism† as a significant contributor to American foreign policy initiatives that involve unilateral military interventions without global multilateral participation. Meiser, Jeffrey. 2015. Power And Restraint: The Rise Of The United States, 1898--1941. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University

Wealth of the Nation and the First Industrial Revolution Free Essays

Wealth has had many factors that contribute to the meaning given by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2009), which defines wealth as â€Å"abundance of material possessions or resources.† In the early part of the United States, depending on the location in the continent, wealth was determined by different factors, especially after the Industrial Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Wealth of the Nation and the First Industrial Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In the South, with slavery abounding, wealth was not just about the land owned, or the crops sold, but it included the number of slaves that the plantation owner had on the plantation. In the North, the industrial revolution and technology grew and wealth was based on the type of product, number manufactured, monopoly of the industry, and innovation and development of new machines (A Coming Industrial Change, 6; Johnson, 35; Mr. Lloyd’s Book on Trusts, 23; Smith, 256; Topic of the Times, 6; The New Orleans Exposition, 4; The World’s Exposition, 3). Just like wealth, the industrial revolution took on many aspects and was defined in many different ways depending on the location in the world.   While Britain and Western Europe really started the industrial revolution, the United States quickly took over as the leading innovator and wealthiest nation. However, it was not long before Japan and China were imitating the industrialized countries, and trying to gain in the revolution and wealth that was to be had by all.   The belief was that the Japanese could â€Å"copy ‘any pattern or design more accurately and skillfully than any other artisan in the world’† (What the Country Has Achieved During the Last Forty Years, 29). In the United States, the wealth and industrial revolution were separated in terms of North and South.   The North brought in machines and new technologies to help them use the products of the South.   Factories were created and manufacturing of goods began and refined in the following years. The export to other countries increased as did the wealth and educational facilities of the north and mid-west.   With the factories at optimum efficiency of the time, and more settlers moving west, the next logical step in the north was the creation of railroads (A Coming Industrial Change, 6; Johnson; Pioneer Railroad Men, 2; Topic of the Times, 6). How to cite Wealth of the Nation and the First Industrial Revolution, Papers

Case Study on Acute Coronary Syndrome

Question: Discuss about the Case Study on Acute Coronary Syndrome. Answer: Introduction Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to different conditions with common Pathophysiology, which may be referred to as heart attack, thrombosis in the coronary artery, or unstable angina. ACS leads to the death of part of heart tissues or may render a section of the heart non-functional, if it is not treated within a short time(Carney 2013). This case study explains the role of the nurse in assessment treatment and assessment of an ACS case, presenting with signs and symptoms that are characteristic of an individual suffering an ACS. Andrew Tailor who is a 48-year-old individual, a high school physical education teacher discharged from the orthopedic ward due to a left knee reconstruction the previous 3 days apparently manifests with ACS symptoms on his date of discharge. As a nurse, I notice that he is distracted and even looks pale. Further signs and symptoms that make me suspect that he could be suffering a heart attack. The signs and symptoms that he presents with include central chest pain, uncomfortable chest tightness since morning, diaphoresis, and cool peripheries, respiratory rate at18, the heart is 115/60 and his SpO2 at a 97% on room air. This report includes details of my initial assessment and management of Andrew Tailor. Further details include how I would use the PQRST mnemonic to conduct a systematic assessment of Andrews chest pain, five nursing priorities for that I could provide to as a registered nurse, including the rationale explaining how each of the priorities can address and/or is related to ACS Pathophysiology. Systematic Assessment of Andrews Chest Pain Using the PQRST mnemonic As a Registered Nurse, I will asses Andrews pain using the PQRST mnemonic. I will then document the responses, in order to provide the right medication procedures. Even so, since the symptoms imply a possible heart attack, I will do so, in a very short period as I call the ambulance. Provocation In the first step, I will ask for the provocation of the pain, which Andrew feels in the chest. Ciaramelli et al(2015), indicates that the patient should indicate the activity they were engaging in when they started feeling the chest pain in order to find leads to the condition. In this regard, I will seek for information on what activity makes the pain go or worsen. In responding to these first two questions, the patient would most likely be able to answer the third question, on what activity can trigger the chest pain, the discomfort in the chest and the shortness of breath. Since Andrew had been in the orthopedic ward for the previous three days, I will seek for information as on which particular position of sitting, sleeping, or standing causes much of the pain in the chest. In this case, I will also seek for information on what makes the pain go or which position that Andrew takes in order to see the pain disappear. The patient should also provide information on whether changing positions or resting helps relieve pain. If bending, lying on bed, or walking aggravates Andrewss pain, then I will also note this in the diagnosis. Quality/Quantity In this regard, I will ask Tailor to explain further on the discomfort he feels. I will provide the patient with different terms with which he can describe his chest pain. These include terms such as sharp, dull, slight, and extensive pain. In this, I will classify the condition as angina or un-angina. Angina in this case is a sharp pain that persist for long and tends to be radial. Region/Radiation While Tailor has already indicated that his pain is at the central part of the chest, I will seek answers on whether the pain radiates or not. This is because excessive and radiating chest pain could imply the probability of myocardial ischemia. As a sports person he might sustained other internal injuries, not diagnosed before at the orthopedic section of the health facility. The patient should explain how the pain travels or whether it is localized to the chest alone(Heradstveit Heltne 2014). Further, I will ask Tailor to indicate whether the pain started from somewhere else before moving to the central part of the chest as indicated in his brief after his discharge. Severity Scale In this case, I will ask the patient to indicate the pain severity on a scale of between 0 and 10, where zero means no pain while 10 implies worst pain that Andrew Tailor has ever felt in his life. I will also let him to explain whether he thinks he can carry out physical activities with such pain. He needs to indicate how bad the chest pain is at its worst level according to Al-Ziarjawey (2015). For instance, if it forces him to sit, lie down or even slow his movements. Further, the patient should indicate how long one episode of his chest pain lasts. Timing In this case, I will seek to understand and document the time the specific time the pain started apart from his general responses after being discharged. Since Tailor indicates that the pain had started the morning he has discharged, then, he should be able indicate how long it lasted after he felt it for the first time. According to Heradstveit Heltne (2014), the patient should also indicate how often the pain occurs and what he was doing in the morning when he first experienced the central chest pain. At this point, I will ask Andrew to state other additional signs and symptoms that he experiences a part from diaphoresis, sweating and cooling of his legs and the hands, the shortness in breath and the feeling of a congested chest. The first five nursing priorities for Andrew The following are the first five nursing priorities for a case of Acute Coronary Syndrome conditions. Immediate ECG and transportation of patient to the emergency department-ECG determination will help me to note the electrical functioning of the heart and at the same time understand the blood flow behavior in the heart muscles. Administration of 324 mg Aspirin, beta-blockers, and morphine-Aspirin and beta-blockers can use alternatively to induce reperfusion and to prevent myocardial infarction in the patient. Morphine on the other hand will work as a pain reliever since the pain seems to be stressing the patient. Immediate Starting of the Patient on Oxygen and Monitoring his condition- Since Andrews SpO2 is 97%, it is necessary that he be put on Oxygen through the nasal cannula, before taking him to the emergency department. This will help replenish the oxygen levels back above 98% in order to reduce both diaphoresis and cooling of the peripheries due to lack reduced blood flow to these regions. Administration of Cardiac Markers-Cardiac markers like the Troponin hormone induces heart muscle contraction and thus helps trigger reperfusion. It will also stabilize the heart rate and thus prevent myocardial infarction. Administration of Anticoagulants-Anticoagulants such as UFH will prevent blood coagulation in the body. However, since the patient recently underwent knee reconstruction, I will use fondapiranux, a coagulant that has lesser coagulation effect, to prevent bleeding at the wound. Rationale of the Management Strategies for ACS Immediate ECG and transportation of patient to the emergency department The first measure I should take is to use the electrocardiogram (ECG), to assess the patients heart muscular and electrical functioning. Being a two-stage pump that is electrical, it is necessary to measure the myocardial electrical activity in the first five minutes, since it is an important documentation to be used by a receiving physician at the emergency department(Pengo 2009). This device will help in providing evidence on the blood flow to the myocardium, through the coronary artery particularly. Noting that he has an acute coronary syndrome and thus could suffer from myocardial infarction and possible life-threatening ischemia attack, I would call for an ambulance and transport him to the emergency department. I will provide the receiving physician at the Emergency department with my report. From Pathophysiology of ACS, it is clear that any delays could lead to myocardial infarction and the death of muscle cells(Pengo 2009). Further occlusion of the coronary artery due to coag ulated blood, and even that occurs in a short while, could lead to heart failure and death(Lv 2013). Studies indicate that heart related diseases are among the life-threatening conditions today (Reshma 2014). Therefore, fast medical attention of Tailor Andrew is necessary, to prevent further myocardial infarction and blood coagulation. Administration of Aspirin, beta blockers and morphine The first move of a nurse is always to stabilize the patient before administering other treatment measures. Therefore, I would immediately give him 324 mg of Aspirin while he is being moved to the Emergency Department, if he indicates that he is never allergic to the drug. Aspirin works as an anticoagulant and if administered along with morphine, the patient stabilizes as the pain also is relieved, reducing the paleness, diaphoresis, and stress(Lv 2013). If the patient indicates that he is allergic to aspirin, I will administer P2Y12 inhibitors alone and inform the receiving physician of the same, in order to continue the administration indefinitely(Funk Duvernoy 2015). There is need to administer beta-blockers as they reduce mortality of the myocardium, readmission, and the re-infarction in cases of coronary artery syndrome. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in John Bhatt (2004), there is need to administer the beta-blockers also in cases of Acute M yocardial Infarction in patients. Immediate Starting of the Patient on Oxygen and Monitoring Since Andrews SpO2 is 97%, it is necessary that he be put on Oxygen through the nasal cannula, as soon as Tailor arrives at the emergency department. From the Pathophysiology of ACS, it is clear that there is less oxygen within the hemoglobin in the red blood cells (Schamroth 2012). Heart muscles require oxygen for aerobic respiration in order to obtain the energy necessary to pump blood in the Left ventricle, to the rest of the body(Reshma 2014). Occluded coronary artery means that lesser blood and oxygen reach some parts of the heart muscles, leading to death in a short while. Starting the patient with oxygen also helps him relieve the angina due to the contraction and expansion of the rib cage to breath. It is probable that Andrew could be undergoing a Myocardial Infarction. This simply refers to a heart attack, caused by coronary thrombosis or occlusion(Funk Duvernoy 2015). This may involve the blocking of either one or several coronary arteries. In cases where the blockage cove rs a vast area o the heart, then there are high chances of death, as oxygen and ATP do not reach these cells(Reshma 2014). If there is no death, it is probable that there will be heart tissue necrosis and scarring. Other blood vessels can still take over to supply blood to these damaged areas if care is immediately provided. Administration of Cardiac Markers There is an urgent need to administer Troponin, which is a hormone that will induce cardiac muscle contraction in order to trigger normal heartbeat. While there are different types of Troponin hormone, Troponin I and/or T, are very sensitive (Ramaraj et al 2010). Administering these two needs to be done carefully and specifically for particular myocardial injuries. However, different health institutions are currently adopting more novel highly sensitive Troponin I assay. Therefore, there is need to measure and monitor the patients Troponin levels on arrival and after a set period(Funk Duvernoy 2015). The lower the level of Troponin in the heart muscles, the lesser the heart muscles contract and the lesser the blood the left ventricle is able to push into the aorta and eventually into the arteries, including the hearts own coronary artery. In case there is occlusion within these arteries, it is likely that some cell tissues of the heart muscles will begin to die off. From the Pathoph ysiology of ACS, it is clear that death of heart muscles is an irreversible procedure and thus, there is need to provide Troponin, where the pulse rate is lower than expected (John Bhatt 2004). Since Andrew Tailor has just been discharged from the orthopedic department due to knee injury, there is need to also carry out an x-ray procedure to ascertain any internal fracturing and bleeding that could have arisen from a possible fall, which also led to his injury. Administration of Anticoagulants Apparently, Andrew requires primary percutanous coronary intervention. Therefore, anticoagulants are necessary to prevent occlusion of the coronary artery and other vessels on the myocardium(Colby 2008). In this case, intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) to be started on him in order to have a maintained clotting levels that are therapeutic. However, having been discharged from a knee injury, it is most likely that using UFH could retrigger bleeding at the wound. Thus, the levels of UFH should be maintained at a proper level, or alternatively, bivalirudin should be used, in this case where bleeding is possible (Journal Of Interventional Cardiology 2006). Also instead of using UFH, nurses should administer the Xa inhibitor known as fondapiranux, which is a recommended alternative, as an anticoagulant. Studies indicate that early administration of aspirin, bivalirudin, or the other coagulants prevents acute myocardial infarction in high-risk patients (The Pharmaceutical Journal 201 5). This could be the case for Andrew, having complained of pain since he woke up in the morning. Another critical anticoagulant is Enoxaparin, which reduces the death of heart muscles with a 20% more than UFH(Colby 2008). It is however clear that Fondapiranux is effective up to the 180th day, but it could lead to catheter thrombosis. Therefore, it should be supplemented with other anticoagulants that are appropriate in cases of percutaneous coronary intervention. Pathophysiology of ACS indicates that sedimentation rate of a patients red blood cells are usually higher especially after the occurrence of myocardial infarction(Carney 2013). In this case, there is need for anti-coagulants as described above. This is because the biggest risk once a heart attack occurs includes arrhythmias and a cardiac standstill leading instant death in several cases. In conclusion this report presents a case study on how as a registered nurse, I ought to assess and provide immediate management of an individual with Acute Coronary Artery. Thus, the report consist of the PQRST mnemonic which I used to conduct a chest pain assessment of Andrew Tailor, a patient who had presented with signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. The procedure includes provocation, quality, and/or quantity of pain, the radiation of the pain, the severity, and lastly the timing. The report also details five different strategies that I used to initially manage the condition of Andrew Tailor, as a registered nurse. These include the taking of ECG measures, movement of patient to the emergency department, administration of Aspirin and beta-blockers and morphine to stabilize blood flow and relieve pain, starting the patient on oxygen, anticoagulants, and hormone Troponin, to trigger electrical and structural functioning of the heart. Lastly, the report provides the relat ionship between the above interventional approaches and the Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Further, the report includes several textual references from researchers and publications that have ventured into explaining Acute Coronary Syndrome among other heart disease conditions. References Carney, E. (2013). Acute coronary syndromes: Management of acute coronary syndromerenal outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol, 9(9), 492-492. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.137 Colby, S. (2008). Improving management of Acute Coronary Syndrome in the rural Emergency Department. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 11(4), 209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2008.09.042 Pengo, V. (2009). Prasugrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. VHRM, 321. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s3428 RAMARAJ, R., MOVAHED, M., HASHEMZADEH, M. (2010). Novel Antiplatelet Agent Ticagrelor in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Journal Of Interventional Cardiology, 24(3), 199-207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00613.x Schamroth, C. (2012). Management of acute coronary syndrome in South Africa : insights from the ACCESS (Acute Coronary Events - a Multinational Survey of Current Management Strategies) registry : cardiovascular topics. Cardiovascular Journal Of Africa, 23(7), 365-370. https://dx.doi.org/10.5830/cvja-2012-017 TCT Annual Meeting: Acute Coronary Syndrome-Management. (2006). Journal Of Interventional Cardiology, 19(2), 189-190. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2006.130_4.x Acute coronary syndrome guideline. (2015). The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/pj.2015.20069059 Funk, A. Duvernoy, C. (2015). Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Diagnosis and Management in Women. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 9(8). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12170-015-0468-z Lv, S. (2013). Prevalence and management of hypertension in patients with acute coronary syndrome vary with gender: Observations from the Chinese registry of acute coronary events (CRACE). Molecular Medicine Reports. https://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1461 Reshma Kureemun, P. (2014). Acute Coronary Syndrome and Pheochromocytoma Management: About Two Cases. Analgesia Resuscitation : Current Research, 03(04). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2324-903x.1000127 AL-Ziarjawey, H. (2015). Heart Rate Monitoring and PQRST Detection Based on Graphical User Interface with Matlab. International Journal Of Information And Electronics Engineering. https://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijiee.2015.v5.550 Ciaramelli, E., Neri, F., Marini, L., Braghittoni, D. (2015). Improving memory following prefrontal cortex damage with the PQRST method. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 9. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00211 Heradstveit, B. Heltne, J. (2014). PQRST A unique aide-memoire for capnography interpretation during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 85(11), 1619-1620. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.07.008 John, J. Bhatt, D. (2004). Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Diabetes Mellitus. Herz, 29(5). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00059-004-2614-0

What is meant by Identity an Example by

What is meant by Identity? How identities are formed? Identity involves a relation linking the personal and the social; a few dynamic commitment by individuals who take up identities; being alike as several individuals and diverse from others, as shown by signs and depictions. In building identities, we picture ourselves. We perform this by envisioning ourselves, thinking in signs. Who I am is dependent on how I am seen by others as well as how I see myself. Control in shaping our own identities Need essay sample on "What is meant by Identity?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The link between myself and others is not only indicated by the connection between how I sell myself and how other people see me, but also the connection between what I want to be and the influences, pressures and opportunities which are available. Material, social, and physical constraints prevent us form successfully presenting ourselves in some identity positions constraints which include the perceptions of others. The idea of identity encompasses a number of concepts of human society; a thought that we can have various power in building our personal identities. There are definitely, limitations which may lie in the outside world, where matter and societal issues may bound the level of society which persons may have. Lack of material possessions greatly restricts the chances we have, as we will reflect on in the status of dearth and monetary limitations. Identity in giving a link involving the personal and the social Identity is marked by similarity, which is of people like us, and by difference, of those who are not. Identity gives a connection among persons and the humanity in which they reside. Identity combines how I see myself and how others see me. Identity engages the inner and the individual, and the outside. It is a socially recognized position, recognized by other, not just by me. Identity vs. Personality Identity is different from personality in important respects. We may share personality traits with other people, but sharing an identity suggests some active engagement on our part. We choose to identify with a particular identity or group. Sometimes we have more choice than others. Identity requires some awareness on our part. Personality describes qualities individuals may have, such as being outgoing or shy, internal characteristics, but identity requires some element of choice. For example, I may go to football matches on Saturdays because I enjoy shouting loudly with a crowd of lively extroverts, but I go to watch Sheffield Wednesday because I want to identify with that particular team, to wear scarf and make a statement about who I am, and, of course, because I want to state that support one Sheffield team and not the other. We may be characterized by having personality traits, but we have to identify with that is actively taken up an identity. What does the Passport says about us? Our passports name, describe and place us. A passport describes an individual; it names one person. It also states to which group in particular which nation, that person belongs. Physical appearance is important, but changes over time. The personal identity of the named person includes their experience and life story. Continuity is important to our understanding of who we are, but changes suggest that identities are not fixed and constant: they change too. A passport picks out other key aspects of identity, which include occupation, nationality and age, all of which position us and give us a place in the society in which we live. However, it does not say anything about how we occupy these positions or about what they mean to us. How Identities are influenced by Social Factors Identities are also illustrated in marking oneself as having the same identity as one group of people and a different one from others. A situation for instance, where you meet someone for the first time and, in trying to find out who they are, you ask questions and turned out that they also came from same place as you are. In such circumstances we are trying to find out what makes up this person and also what makes them the same as you, as sharing an identity. Or consider a situation where, travelling abroad, hearing the voices of those who speak your own language, you feel both a sense of recognition and of belonging. It is impossible to have an identity as a successful career woman if one is without a job and there are no employment opportunities. Other limitations to our autonomy may reside within us, for instance in the bodies which we inhabit, as illustrated by the ageing process, by physical impairments, illness and the actual size and shape of our bodies. The way we construct our identities is strongly influenced by a set of often rather stereotypically feminine and masculine characteristics and traits that we often associate with gender categories, with women and with men. But women and men are not each made from a single mould. There are many different kinds of women and men, and different traits may apply to some more than others. Behind the apparent simplicity of two genders, there is a diversity of gender characteristics, and many different influences are at work. Identity, then, includes peoples notions of who they are, of what kind of people they are, and their relationships with others. It is therefore closely related to the groups the social categories that they see themselves as belonging to. The pattern of employment on the other hand, and the distribution of incomes are both important structures that shape our identity, as is the way we spend our incomes (our lifestyle). However, there is no simple causal link between what we have and do, and who we are. Link between these economic structures and identity is mediated by representation. Conclusion We therefore had set out some of the important concepts involved in addressing questions of identity and difference and have thus begun to provide a framework for the concept of identity. It has looked at reasons for addressing questions of identity and difference and considered the way in which questions about identity arise at this point in the circuit of cultural of the processes involved in the production of meanings through representational systems further by engaging with questions about the positioning of subjects and the constructions of identities within symbolic systems. List of References: WOODWARD, K. (2004) Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity, London and New York, Routledge.

7 Tips for Writing a Poor Recommendation Letter

7 Tips for Writing a Poor Recommendation Letter You already know that writing a letter of recommendation is challenging. Weve talked about how to make it easier, specifically, what to ask of students, how to get started, and the characteristics of a good letter. A bad or poor letter of recommendation 1. Is neutral. Glowing letters of recommendation are the norm. A neutral letter is the kiss of death to a students application. If you cant write glowingly positive letter, dont agree to write on a students behalf because your letter will hurt more than help. 2. Has errors, such as typos and grammar mistakes. Errors suggest carelessness. How good a student is this if youre not willing to run his or her letter through a spell-check? 3. Discusses weaknesses without discussing strengths. If a student has an important weakness, you ca mention it, but remember to discuss many many strengths to balance it out. 4. Provides no examples or data to support statements. Why should the reader believe that a student is meticulous, for example, if you havent given an example to explain how? 5. Shows that the letter writer has little experience and contact with the student. Dont write letters for students you dont know. They will not be helpful letters. 6. Is not based on relevant academic or applied experiences. A letter for a student that you have had no academic or supervisor experience with will not help his or her application. Dont write for students who are friends or family members. 7. Is late. Sometimes incomplete applications are tossed after the deadline. Even the most fantastic letter will be of no help then.

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Environment - Essay Example The UK has a rising level of its output being exported across borders and overseas and it is an open economy (Holden et al, 1995, p.44). It is at present number eight as the largest exporter in the world for goods and number two in being the largest exporter for services. It also has highest ratio of outward as well as inward investment to the GDP among any of the leading economies in the terms of capital flow. Inevitably the pattern as well as the balance of trade of goods and services changes over the time, this is reflection of movement in the relative prices of different traded goods as well as the shifts in the comparative advantage in various global markets. Other factors that affect the trade pattern are decisions of foreign investment of the UK as well as overseas companies and economic development and growth of countries, regions etc. Major part of UK’s trade of goods and services is carried with the countries that are part of European Union. Since UK became a part of EEC in January, 1973 there has been long term shift in its trade with the European Union. The trade growth has been pushed by single market; this has led to trade diversion and the trade creation effects (Aylott, 2007, p.4) Trade of UK with the countries in North American region has declined, although the U.S still is the largest single market for exported UK goods after EU (Great Britain Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011) , comprising of 15% of the total exports of UK. Over the previous 15 years trade with the countries that are oil exporters has declined in its relative importance. In the year 1979 percentage of UK’s exports which went to these countries was 10%, which is now only a small percentage of a little over 3%. Apart from the exports the imports from this oil exporting countries has also fallen. Another important change in UK’s pattern regarding trade in geographical sense is its rising share of trade with the fast growing and emerging ec onomies in Asian region. These include Malaysia, China, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan. The rate of growth in Indian economy is also probable to help boosting exports to sub-continent in future years; this provides businesses in the UK to grab export opportunities in this region. Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations International trade is crucial for the UK, like any other country. If the UK did not participate in international trade, it would not be able to acquire many different materials that are needed to produce products that are used every day, especially concerning food industry. Cold climate in UK makes it rely on other countries with hotter climate to import fruits like mangoes and bananas which don’t grow domestically, similarly the countries with hot climate rely on countries like UK for vegetables like potatoes to import (in UK’s case, export). If international trade did not exist people in UK and everywhere else ac ross the globe will have very limited choices, and business will not have enough markets to expand. There are various global factors that would affect the business

How and why did the U.S. emerge as a world superpower between World Essay

How and why did the U.S. emerge as a world superpower between World War Two and 1991 - Essay Example America gained its super power status immediately after the Second World War which saw America and the Soviet Union emerges stronger from the war than before they entered. The period between world war two and 1991 saw major events take place that led to the decline of previous great powers to the emergence of new superpowers. This was the â€Å"cold war† period. Cold war was a state of military and political tension between western bloc and eastern bloc. The western bloc was led by America and its NATO allies while the eastern bloc was led by the Soviet Union and its allies who were in the Warsaw pact. The war was described as â€Å"cold† because it was marked with no large scale direct fights but with regional wars that were supported with the two blocs. Some of the countries that experienced wars were Afghanistan, Vietnam, and Korea. Cold war was defined by several events that prompted the two superpowers to demonstrate their influence in their allied countries. Some of the events that shaped this war were consolidation of the eastern states by the Soviet Union which saw America retaliate by giving financial and military aid to the anti-communist side in the Greek civil war. Other events that marked this period are the Chinese civil war, Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, berlin crisis, Suez crisis and the Vietnam War. These events shaped the cold war and hence bringing to the fore the emergence of America as the superpower with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The subsequent paragraphs will explore how and why America gained the superpower status between the period after world war two and 1991. Most of the war was fought far away from America’s boundaries. This gave it a competitive advantage over the other powers like Britain, France, and Germany who were close or experienced the war on their soil. With the war taking place away from their national boundaries, America did not suffer major losses and destruction

Reflective Practice in Nursing Professional Portfolio Essay

Reflective Practice in Nursing Professional Portfolio - Essay Example While Redman (1994) indicates that a portfolio is a tangible record of what someone has done. In the case of your Nursing Professional Portfolio (NPP) it is a record of what you have done both clinically and in terms of links to your academic achievements over the course of study. Much of the information it contains will be private and confidential and you do not have to share it with anyone unless you choose to do so or as part of the evidence you offer in relation to the MHC417 unit or during discussions with your preceptor or tutors. However, your Nursing Professional Portfolio must be handed up at the conclusion of this unit (on the due date) for assessment. Completing a portfolio may seem like a daunting experience at first, principally because you will have so much information to include. It is suggested that you begin by completing the factual sections first and then move on to areas which require you to evaluate more. It may be helpful to prepare a rough draft when reviewing your study so that an accurate record of your experience and learning is recorded. It is more than a straightforward recording device. It is also a way for you to develop skills of critical and reflective practice; to consider experiences in your professional and personal life and to evaluate the contribution those experiences make to your development and to improvements in patient care. Provides care to persons with disorders of the eyes including blindness or visual impairment; functions range from patient teaching to assistance in surgery; knowledgeable about the effect of ophthalmic disorders on the body as well as the emotions of patients who often must adapt to blindness or visual impairment; may make pre- and post-operative home visits I am writing to express my interest in serving as an RN at King Fahad Central Hospital. I will be graduating in July with my B.S.N. from the Curtin University of

Landmark Discoveries in Healthcare: An Overview

Landmark Discoveries in Healthcare: An Overview Cynthia Lane Newborn cured of HIV: A woman from Mississippi gave birth to a child that contacted HIV from its mother. The woman was not aware she had HIV and doctors did not take precautions to test her for it. Just after the infant was born it showed signs of being infected with the virus. At the University of Mississippi Medical Center, a Dr. Hannah Gay and her staff decided to take a big chance by giving the infant a three anti-HIV combination drug cocktail. To their surprise the infant has been HIV free for two years after birth. The infant does not show any signs of the infection in its body even though the child is not on any medications after the fact (Subramanian, Oct. 2013). New Changes on Cholesterol Treatments more People on Statins: The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, feels if people were to take statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs this would prevent the first heart attack or stroke events. The outcome would benefit if the patient does not have heart problem history, with factors on gender, sex, age, smoking history, blood pressure cholesterol levels or is a diabetic (LaRosa, 2001). A Home Pregnancy Test for the first time that Tells How Pregnant You Are Approved by Food and Drug Administration, the Clearblue Advanced Pregnancy Test can tell you in estimate weeks how far you are in your pregnancy (Gallagher, May, 2013; Shoukhrat, 2001-2014). Embryonic stem cells: Advance in medical human cloning A professor Shoukhrat Mitalipov at the Oregon Health Science University, who cloned Dolly the sheep back in 1996. Professor Mitalipov used the same process but this time he used human skin cells he were hollowed out, he successfully stimulated the egg to electrically and chemically the egg divided and produced an embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cells would be used to create body tissues and organs that may be used to treat Alzehimer’s, diabetes and heart disease (Gallagher, May, 2013; Shoukhrat, 2001-2014). One Dose instead of Three Doses of Vaccine May be Plenty to Protect Against HPV The HPV-human papillomavirus vaccine is given to girls and boys between 11 and 12 years old to protect them against genital warts and cervical cancer. At first the children would have to have three shots (immunizations) of the vaccine to be effective; half of the children are not returning to their physician or clinic to complete the series. A group of international researchers confirmed that one dose of the vaccine can generate an increase of 24 times of antibodies in the body which would be enough to protect them from HPV and the risk of cancer would be lower (Sifferlin, Nov. 2014). New Hair Growth Research Columbia University, researchers says transplanting hair follicles upside down can produce new hair growth. Patches of foreskin from circumcised babies are used because they do not have hair follicles. The foreskin is inverted and takes root to produce hair (CU Researchers, 2013). Poop Pill Dr. Thomas Louie of the University of Calgary, created a gel capsule that is made of bacteria found in poop. Our bodies have microbes in our gut that help digest our food and fight other disease-causing microbes. The gel capsule is best used to cure Clostridium difficile infection, which is called for short C diff, this is a very contagious intestinal infection which causes diarrhea and deadly inflammation of the colon. Less than 30 patients were tested with this gel capsule and have not experienced any recurrent symptoms of the C diff infection (Marchione, Oct. 2013). Changing Poor Quality Eggs to Healthy Eggs Stanford University researches elaborated a technique for women with poor quality eggs to make healthy, mature eggs from their own eggs. The researchers would remove a piece of ovarian tissue or an ovary and treat it with proteins and other factors in the lab. The tissue would be recharged then re-implanted close to the fallopian tubes. Five out of 27 women produced healthy eggs, one gave birth to a healthy baby, and one woman became pregnant (Sifferlin, Sept. 2013). New Genes Linked to Alzeheimer’s There are 24 genes now known associated with Alzheimer’s, the discovery involves inflammation and the body’s immune responses. They are associated with the brain changes of Alzheimer’s researchers will target drugs that would potentially treat memory loss symptoms and dementia which is a mark of brain disorder (Paddock, Oct. 2013). Parkinson’s Disease Detected Early Scientists feel by detecting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s as early as possible this would identify their disease and be able to intercept with treatments. Panel of proteins of spinal fluid can help scientists identify the first stage of the disease. By controlling the symptoms in their early stage of the Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, experts hope to launch new studies to make drugs that failed obsolete (SpiritIndia, 2006). References Gallagher, James; Health and science reporter, BBC News (15 May 2013) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22540374 Mitalipov, Shoukhrat (2001-2014 Oregon Health Science University) Oregon National Primate Research Center Oregon Stem Cell Center Departments of Obstetrics Gynecology and Molecular Medical Genetics Oregon Health Science University http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/stem-cell-center/mitalipov-lab/ LaRosa, MD, John C; From the State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York (Circulation. (2001);104:1688-1692doi: 10.1161/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹hc3901.096665). Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease: Who Benefits? Circulation is published by the American Heart Association http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/14/1688 Marchione, Marilynn —Oct. 3, 2013; PILLS MADE FROM POOP CURE SERIOUS GUT INFECTIONS AP News: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/pills-made-poop-cure-serious-gut-infections Laird Harrison (October03,2013) Fecal Transplant Pills Effective for C difficile.Medscape.Oct03,2013. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812079 One Dose of HPV Vaccine May Protect Against Cervical Cancer | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/11/04/less-is-more-one-instead-of-three-doses-of-hpv-vaccine-may-protect-against-cervical-cancer/#ixzz2r9isNIYr Paddock PhD, Catherine; Monday 28 October 2013- Scientists discover 11 new Alzheimers risk genes; http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/267998.php Researchers transplant human hair onto mice using infant foreskins PUBLISHED: TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2013, 5:28 AM UPDATED: TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2013, 10:29 AM http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/researchers-transplant-human-hair-mice-article-1.1492475#ixzz2r9kVxUHl Sifferlin, Alexandra(Nov. 04, 2013) http://healthland.time.com/2013/11/04/less-is-more-one-instead-of-three-doses-of-hpv-vaccine-may-protect-against-cervical-cancer/ Sifferlin, Alexandra (Sept. 30, 2013- New Hope for Infertile Women: Healthy Eggs http://healthland.time.com/2013/09/30/new-hope-for-infertile-women-healthy-eggs/ New Procedure to Induce Egg Growth Gives Fresh Hope to Infertile Women | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/09/30/new-hope-for-infertile-women-healthy-eggs/#ixzz2r9o9nOPw Subramanian, Courtney; Oct. 23, 2013; Newborn ‘Functionally Cured’ of HIV Remains in Remission. The revelation comes 18 months after all treatment ceased Newborn ‘Functionally Cured’ of HIV Remains in Remission | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/10/23/newborn-functionally-cured-of-hiv-remains-in-remission/#ixzz2r9RG4A7W

Prisons Essays -- Social Issues, Rates of Violence

Introduction Longitudinal research has been conducted comparing the rate of violence in male and female prisons. It is important to do research on this topic because it does not only lead to the conclusion of where is violence prevalent, but focuses on other aspects as well. It focuses on the psychological, social, and sexual side of the inmate. This topic does not only focus on who has the highest rates of violence, but why does that sex have a higher rate. This topic looks deeper at the differences between male and female inmates and what causes them to have high rates of violence. Most people would say that male prisons have a higher rate of violence due to biological reasons. People tend to think that males are more aggressive therefore violence is prevalent in male prisons, yet there is a lot more to this idea. The focus of this paper is to inform if the rates of violence are higher in male or in female prisons and why that is the case. Various key factors have been addressed in relation to this topic. These four factors would not only help in answering the research questions, but open opportunities for similar research to be conducted. This research paper will explore if violence is higher in male or female prisons and why is it high. In order to answer these two research questions, the following factors will be discussed: relational violence in women’s prison, a comparison of sexual coercion experiences reported by men and women in prison, prisoner confrontations and the search for respect, and the rates of victimization. Theoretical Framework The most important factor regarding the topic on rates of violence in male and female prisons is relational violence in women’s prison. This factor is ver... ...ul and relevant. Every single study contributed in finding an answer to the research question. The studies showed the factors of why? How? and when? do inmates (males and females) engage in violence and how does this raise the rates of violence. Although all this data was very helpful more research should be performed. There should be more studies focusing on female inmates in order to give a better understanding of female prisons. Furthermore the studies that do use females as part of the study should increase the sample size. Authors usually examine large male sample size and only a few female sample sizes. This leaves people with the question of why is there a huge difference between the sample sizes. In conclusion if experimenters would focus on females like they do with males maybe more data can be presented.

Analysis on Mulan and the Twilight Saga

Women are to be beautiful, curvy, delicate, poised, graceful, refined, thin, curvy, quiet, demure and polite. Men are portrayed as the leaders of society, whereas women are only there to give birth to children. Manual is graceful, calm, and unique she is also beautiful and cur,y, Just like society wants. But that is where it stops. Unlike society wishes, she is not quiet, demure, or delicate. Instead she is intelligent, strong, and independent and is not afraid to be what she wants to be.And therefore, when the mime came when she did not want her father to lose his life in battle, she goes against society's standards when it comes to women on the battlefield and disguises herself as a man to be able to Join the army. She proves that she is Just as capable as a man by Joining the army and doing the same things the men do at training camp, If not more. But by the end of the movie, she saves the country. Feminists hope that people's outlook on female roles and equality will change for t he better, and In some ways the hope lies with the media.Books, movies, poems, songs, TV shows and any there types of influences on the public are their hope In delivering their message. Manual is an animated movie that many kids watch and enjoy from a young age. At a young age they start to develop opinions about everything they Interact with. Therefore, developing a movie like Manual will Influence the children to treat females as equals. The treatment of females will be Improved through the next generation. This will help the feminists with their cause.Twilight Throughout the story, Bella Swan does not have trouble coming to a decision as all ere decisions are based on the fact If a decision will bring her closer to Edward or help him. Her choices are not based on her benefits or what will help her, which portrays the sexist outlook of women – weak, obedient, and not equal – which has been shown throughout history. In New Moon, when Edward leaves Bella, she does eve rything In her power to be able to see Edward, from rolling a motorcycle recklessly to Jumping Off cliff Into stormy waves.This also shows that women are nothing without men, which Is not what the fervently movement wants. Yes the love they had for each other and the devotion that was expressed In the novel was well-played, but the weakness of the female lead does not push society to accept woman as equals economically, politically, or socially. This book does not promote female equality but Instead female Inequality. Furthermore, Bella relies on Edward for her to live and on Jacob In New Moon. Analysis on Manual and the Twilight Saga Through a Feminist Point of View By Chocolate's beautiful and curvy, Just like society wants.But that is where it stops. Unlike society y Joining the army and doing the same things the men do at training camp, if not people's outlook on female roles and equality will change for the better, and in some other types of influences on the public are their h ope in delivering their message. Young age they start to develop opinions about everything they interact with. Therefore, developing a movie like Manual will influence the children to treat females as equals. The treatment of females will be improved through the next generation.Throughout the story, Bella Swan does not have trouble coming to a decision as all ere decisions are based on the fact if a decision will bring her closer to Edward or everything in her power to be able to see Edward, from riding a motorcycle recklessly to Jumping off a cliff into stormy waves. This also shows that women are nothing without men, which is not what the feminist movement wants. Yes the love they had for each other and the devotion that was expressed in the novel was well-played, but instead female inequality. Furthermore, Bella relies on Edward for her to live and on Jacob in New Moon.

Free Essays on World War II

The most sinister and evil war in world history was fought from 1939 to 1945. This war came to be known as World War II (WWII). The entire world was at war. On one side there was the Allied Powers and on the other side there was the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers included the United States (didn’t join until 1941), France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (didn’t join until 1941). The Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan. The United States fought two wars, one in Europe and the other in the Pacific. When Japan bombed the U.S.’s Naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii the United States entered WWII the next day. Franklin Roosevelt called it â€Å"a ate which will live in infamy.† (Cybriwsky, Encarta) In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan on a peace mission. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan was still in the feudal age where the Shogun was the head of the government and the Emperor was just the face of the government. They were still living in the medieval age. In the process Perry showed the Japanese all of his modern tools and weapons. This in fact triggered the industrialization of Japan. The war brought an economic boom to the small island nation. The Imperialism age soon came to Japan and they decided to do the same thing every other country started to do in the latter part of the 19th century. As of 1900 the Japanese spheres of influence had reached Korea, Russia, Taiwan (then known as Formosa), and parts of China. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 427) In WWI Japan joined the side of the Allies against Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 455) In 1904 Japan attacked the largest country in the world at Port Arthur, Russia. Then the Russo-Japanese War followed. After one year of battle the Russians were ready to negotiate. Japan got possession a Russian island and the Liaodong Peninsula. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan had defeated the largest country in the world. In 1906 Japan took over Kore... Free Essays on World War II Free Essays on World War II The most sinister and evil war in world history was fought from 1939 to 1945. This war came to be known as World War II (WWII). The entire world was at war. On one side there was the Allied Powers and on the other side there was the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers included the United States (didn’t join until 1941), France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (didn’t join until 1941). The Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan. The United States fought two wars, one in Europe and the other in the Pacific. When Japan bombed the U.S.’s Naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii the United States entered WWII the next day. Franklin Roosevelt called it â€Å"a ate which will live in infamy.† (Cybriwsky, Encarta) In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan on a peace mission. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan was still in the feudal age where the Shogun was the head of the government and the Emperor was just the face of the government. They were still living in the medieval age. In the process Perry showed the Japanese all of his modern tools and weapons. This in fact triggered the industrialization of Japan. The war brought an economic boom to the small island nation. The Imperialism age soon came to Japan and they decided to do the same thing every other country started to do in the latter part of the 19th century. As of 1900 the Japanese spheres of influence had reached Korea, Russia, Taiwan (then known as Formosa), and parts of China. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 427) In WWI Japan joined the side of the Allies against Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 455) In 1904 Japan attacked the largest country in the world at Port Arthur, Russia. Then the Russo-Japanese War followed. After one year of battle the Russians were ready to negotiate. Japan got possession a Russian island and the Liaodong Peninsula. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan had defeated the largest country in the world. In 1906 Japan took over Kore... Free Essays on World War II World War II produced many heroes. One such man was Lieutenant Commander Butch O'Hare. He was a fighter pilot assigned to an aircraft carrier Lexington in the South Pacific. One day his entire squadron was sent on a mission. After he was airborne, he looked at his fuel gauge and realized that someone had forgotten to top off his fuel tank. He would not have enough fuel to complete his mission and get back to his ship. His flight leader told him to return to the carrier. Reluctantly he dropped out of formation and headed back to the fleet. As he was returning to the mother ship, he saw something that turned his blood cold. A squadron of Japanese bombers were speeding their way toward the American fleet. The American fighters were gone on a sortie and the fleet was all but defenseless. He couldn't reach his squadron and bring them back in time to save the fleet. Nor could he warn the fleet of the approaching danger. There was only one thing to do. He must somehow divert them from the fleet. Laying aside all thoughts of personal safety, he dove into the formation of Japanese planes. Wing-mounted 50 caliber's blazed as he charged in, attacking one surprised enemy plane and then another. Butch weaved in and out of the now broken formation and fired at as many planes as possible until finally all his ammunition was spent. Undaunted, he continued the assault. He dove at the planes, trying to at least clip off a wing or tail, in hopes of damaging as many enemy planes as possible and rendering them unfit to fly. He was desperate to do anything he could to keep them from reaching the American ships. Finally, the exasperated Japanese squadron took off in another direction. Deeply relieved, Butch O'Hare and his tattered fighter limped back to the carrier. Upon arrival he reported in and related the event surrounding his return. The film from the camera mounted on his plane told the tal...

School Violence3 essays

School Violence3 essays when 57% of violent crimes committed by juveniles occur on school days, even though only about half of the days in a year are school days you know there is a problem. Or maybe it is more visible with the knowledge that 25% of inner-city school students report carrying a weapon in school, and 44% report carrying weapons out of school. No one really needs statistics to see we have a problem. You can watch any news program and hear others horror stories. Our nations schools once a protected haven for learning and growth, are no longer safe for teachers or sutdents in many of our nation's communities. From homicide and assalts, to concealed crimes, such as child sexual abuse, vilence in schools affect everyone. today, the problem in our schools is firearms, weapons, substance abuse and gangs. Many people equate school violence with large urban areas: however, violence has invaded suburban and rural schools as well. Not only public schools, but also private schools are also invaded. Guns in schools have increased to the point that approximately one in four major school districts now use metal detectors to reduce the number of weapsons brought into schoosl by students. In 1994 a study showed that almost one in thirteen high school students carried a gun to school. The juvenile offenders are sometimes fellow students, and other times non-student peers, who threaten and attack students, administrators and teachers. Guns claimed the lives of 88% of the 15 to 19 year old homicede victimes in 1991. researchers attribute this high percentage to the increased use of guns instead of fists to settle arguments. As of 1996, fifteen states; California, Floroida, Connecticut, Iowa, Nevada, New Jersey, Virginia, Wisconsin, Hawaii, Minnesota, Maryland, Nor Carolina, Delaware, Rhode Island, and Texas have passed laws making adults who own guns criminally liable for shooting committed by children who have access to the weapons....

Business Management Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business Management Practice - Assignment Example More specifically, the new organisations have forgone the idea of individual accountability, rather have willingness to adopt Total Quality Management principles such as team based working environment, experimentation, continuous learning, benchmarking, reduced cycle time and others etc. The role of communication and information sharing has increased tremendously among business organisations because the managers strongly believe that they are operating in a complex world of globalisation, where they have to grapple with challenges at every stage. This report will critically evaluate the notion that successful business management usually requires the implementation of an appropriate management structure and culture together with effective methods of managing the behaviour and attitude of the business workforce. The researcher will use classical management theories to support above mentioned statement as well as will provide examples of multinational organisations that have implemented classical model of management. It is worth mentioning that classical approach does not focus on creation of flexible organisational culture and employee empowerment; therefore, it has received various criticisms by modern business management experts and theorists who emphasise on adaptability, change management, decentralisation, experimentation and collaborative approach as new workplace principles. In addition, the report will also include a discussion on the approach of public and private sector entities towards the ideas of corporate social responsibility / corporate philanthropy and business ethics. The importance of management and organisational culture could not be denied in contemporary business environment because discrimination free and shared value based culture produces a satisfied pool of employees. It should be mentioned that the more satisfied the employees are, the higher their job commitment, morale, confidence and trust over their

Do Not Deport My Father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do Not Deport My Father - Essay Example Sadly, there only seems to be deportations of community members who are undocumented and others are those who have fake I.Ds. The fake I.Ds are in most cases used for purposes of getting work permits and other forms of documentations. When the government carries out these deportations, this is done for purposes of protecting other American citizens from criminals. In addition, deporting people who are immigrants and have records of criminal activities seems like the easiest way the government wants to conjure images of drug smugglers and terrorists to the public. However, this is not the way forward and the government ought to look for other ways and means of catching criminals. It is now a trend to get people deported, because they are undocumented and have minor offenses if not any. It seems that even after people serve their minor punishments and become law abiding citizens from that point, there is always the prospect of being deported. Overview According to Human Rights Watch, P arker, and Root there were 72 % number of people, non-citizens who were deported due to criminal related convictions from the year 1997 to 2007 (2). In all these cases of deportation, most of them had non-violent offenses. The sad reality is that so many families in United States were affected, which is an estimated 1 million members of families (Bausum 34). Hence, it is evident that by the time the year 2014 comes to an end so many children will not have parents in the U.S. This means that the number of people whose families will be torn apart in the U.S will be high. The Human Rights Watch, Parker, and Root’s argument is that the deportation of people whose crime is solely trying to stay out of the law enforcer’s path is not justified (4). Under the U.S law that is currently in existence, people who were deported once or due to felony charges are considered to be violating an aggravate felony, if they happen to re-enter the U.S (Human Rights Watch, Parker, and Root 3 ). The aggravated felony now seems to be a word that is too broad due to the fact that it extends to offenses like shoplifting and those who work with fake I.Ds The current law has most of the immigration judges powerless for them to go into all the details regarding all the cases that are put before them. It is now a disadvantage to those who commit the aggravated felonies because a person is liable to serving 20 years of jail time in federal prison. Reforms in the immigration department are a must and the major businesses in the U.S also have a task in promoting these reforms (Moloney 5). According to Bucerius and Tonry some of the most successful industrial sectors in the U.S are successful because of the immigration laborers (472). These are sectors such as manufacturing sector and the construction sector among others. These are not just any other sector and they are highly valued in the U.S economy as the key giants to its success. In the year 2012, the construction industry in the U.S reported revenues that were amounting to $857 billion dollars, whereas the food service sector reported revenue of $33 billion (Bucerius and Tonry 473). These are some of the many examples in the industrial sector, which show that the deportation of people who are innocent and not terrorists or drug dealers is a way of negatively affecting the economy. Why I do not support the Deportation on Innocent People I agree that the immigration rules should be followed and drug dealers and terrorists have to be deported, when he or she is a

The use of ICT across the curriculum and evaluate the benefits and Essay

The use of ICT across the curriculum and evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of its use - Essay Example There are general goals defined in the National Curriculum, such as â€Å"ICT promotion in favor of students’ opportunities to apply and develop ICT capabilities and apply these capabilities to all subjects learning† (ICT  - The  National Curriculum). The main goal of the National Curriculum is to enable students to increase the efficiency of their learning process. ICT intends to widen the horizon of a learning discipline. ICT is effectively used in the lessons oh history or language learning. Audio records, video films and picturesque Power Point presentations enable students to enrich their knowledge in an effective and interesting way. During lessons teachers have to propagate the usage of ICT and students would in such a way facilitate the learning process. For this purpose educational institutions would have to effectively train their teaching stuff. School leadership ensures effective spread of ICT in the curriculum as well. â€Å"Strategic management and wh ole-school plan† together with essential investments into ICT in curriculum would make this resource an effective one (Titus and Potter, 2005). For example, it would be more interesting for students to learn new information not written on a whiteboard, but in the process of multimedia presentations. Moreover, technological access to the latest information would make researches and presentations of students informative and in such a way students will be able to develop their decision-making abilities and investigating methodologies (Teacher Training Agency, 1998; Dede, 2000). Creative thinking of the students would direct their capabilities to develop their learning and communicative strategies. What is more important is the fact that abilities gained by means of ICT enable students to communicate with their co-thinkers around the world both in local and global environments. ICT resources help students and teachers to complete curriculum objectives. Such kinds of resources as t echnological facilities are mediators between a new well-developed educational process, teaching and learning capabilities (Yelland, N., 200; Ololube, 2006). When ICT is used in monitoring, recording, assessing and reporting in the curriculum, then the process of examination and students’ achievement is facilitated. Nevertheless, in order to reach the efficiency of ICT to the fullest extent, the leading positions of ICT have to be developed. Students’ performance is increased in case there is a well-balanced ICT management. For example, it is relevant to interview students and teachers and ask their opinions about efficiency of ICT in the curriculum. Moreover, in order to facilitate the process of ICT implementation, it is relevant to organize trainings and develop strategies on â€Å"strengthening weaker aspects of ICT provision† (Blake, 2008, p. 21). There are also drawbacks of ICT in the curriculum. Once students have an access to numerous information resourc es, they would loose their own initiative and creative thinking. In previous years when students only had a chance to get information from books or other printed sources, they could rely only on themselves (Christen, 2009; Davies and Ellison, 2003). Nowadays Internet access and thousands of ready essays confuse students. At this point a crucial role may play a teacher: â€Å"

The abortion debate Essay Example for Free

The abortion debate Essay Abortion, the premature expulsing of an unborn child from the womb, is one of the most hotly debated issues of our time. On one side of the argument there is the pro-choice community who believe that abortion should be available to all women, and on the other there is the pro-life community who believe that it is the murder of an innocent human. Deciding what side is correct depends on an individual’s religious, scientific and ethical views. Key issues include the moral status of the unborn child, and whether its rights outweigh the mother’s. In examining this multifaceted debate, a good place to start is the Christian perspective. Many of the early church fathers had an existentialist view, where the foetus progressively becomes a person over time. Some are influenced by St Thomas Aquinas who identified the moment of ‘quickening’ as the decision point of development. This key moment is also significant for the formation of the brain and the first appearance of the ‘human icon’, when the foetus begins to look like a human being. Personhood is the main issue here. Humans are beings with human tissue, but persons must have moral status. For example, a baby without a brain could be regarded as a human but not a person. The question of whether or not abortion is murder depends on your definition of personhood. With today’s scientific advancements most Christians no longer accept the views of Aquinas and Aristotle on abortion. Dr. Landrum Shettles, sometimes called the father of In Vitro Fertilization, wrote, â€Å"Conception confers life and makes that life one of a kind.† As with all issues, Christian turn to the Bible to defend their position. Christians believe in the sanctity of life, meaning that all human life is created in God’s image and has intrinsic worth. The most important verse they turn to is part of the Decalogue: do not kill. At face value this may include abortion, but on the other hand, it doesn’t cover the killing of animals or killing in battle. It may not be as absolute as Christians make out. Other verses include an instance in Luke when John the Baptist recognised the presence of Jesus before he was born; this suggests that unborn children are alive and have a degree of awareness before they are born. To quote John Calvin, â€Å"If it seems more horrible to kill a man in his own house, then in a field†¦it ought surely to be deemed more atrocious to destroy a foetus in the womb before it has come to light.† Christian opinion is divided between liberal and conservative perspectives. Conservative churches such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Free Presbyterian Church are against abortion. They believe abortion is murder of the innocent and have respect for human life right from conception. The Catholic Church has an essentialist view of abortion that does not allow for exceptional circumstances, even rape. In the Humanae Vitae of 1968 Pope Pius VI said, â€Å"human life is sacred.† This was followed up with the Declaration on Procured Abortion, 1974, where it states that women’s rights, though good in themselves, cannot be an excuse for abortion when it denies another person the fundamental right to life. On the other hand, some churches have more liberal views. The Methodist Church of Ireland released a document in 2012 that outlines their support for abortion in some circumstances: when the mother’s life is at risk; when her mental or physical health is at risk; in cases of rape and incest and fatal foetal abnormalities. They believe that their view is the most compassionate towards both the mother and child. They do, however, emphasise that they are against abortion on demand. The crux of the document is that while Christians may not agree with abortion, we should respect the separation of church and state when it comes to abortion law. Moving on, abortion is a situation of conflicting rights – many that are pro-choice believe that the rights of the mother are more important than the rights of the child. Proponents of situation ethics would believe that we should look at the circumstances behind an abortion, not the morality of the act. The Church of Englands position that abortion is evil but may be the lesser of two evils is consistent with a situationist approach. Difficult circumstances include when a woman has been raped. There are traumatic and involuntary circumstances surrounding the conception and the continuance of this unwanted pregnancy may well continue the trauma for the mother and her existing family. The foetus should have no claim on the woman unless the woman has consented fully to being pregnant. Another circumstance where a proponent of situation ethics would support abortion is if the mother’s life is at risk – surely it is better to save one life than lose two. Natural law would generally prohibit abortion. Supporters of this theory see the act of sexual intercourse as an efficient cause that brings about the final cause of the production of a human being. Abortion prevents the final cause from being achieved and is therefore immoral. However, there is the doctrine of double effect. While it may be morally permissible to perform a good action that may have a bad outcome, it is morally impermissible to perform a bad action with a good outcome. The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions, but not for secondary or unintended effects of your action. An example of this could be abortion: it may permit indirect therapeutic abortion (such as treating cancer, which may cause death of the foetus) but not direct therapeutic abortion. Prolife Christians often use the acronym SLED when arguing against abortion. This stands for size, level of development, environment and dependency. Starting with size, pro-lifers argue that it is wrong to discriminate against the unborn due to their size. Level of development means that the only difference between the unborn and us is that they are not as developed, but the toddler is not as developed as the adult. This does not mean the toddler is any less. Environment refers to the fact that just because the unborn is within the uterus, that does not mean it has no rights. Why should a 7-inch journey down the birth canal make a difference? Finally, dependency means that just because the unborn is dependent on its mother, it does not imply it should be allowed to be killed. A disabled person may be dependent on others but this does not mean we have the right to kill them. Abortion is much more likely to be supported within the secular realm. Ethicists such as Singer have a utilitarian view of abortion. Singer hold to Preference Utilitarianism which promotes that the preferences of individuals are taken into account except where they come into direct conflict with the preferences of others. For example, if the foetus was diagnosed with a fatal abnormality abortion may be the option that would cause the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. If the parents go through with the pregnancy they will have to suffer the trauma of watching their infant die, or go through a stillbirth. Feminists are usually on the front line in the fight for reproductive rights. They believe women and men are not truly equal until a woman has access to abortion on demand. Some would even support viewing abortion as little more than a method of contraception. A notable feminist is Judith Thomson, author of â€Å"A Defence of Abortion†, uses abstract analogies to promote abortion. One of these is the violinist scenario. In this scenario a woman finds herself involuntarily chained to a famous violinist in a hospital. The violinist is dying and the woman was discovered to have the correct blood type to save him. Therefore she was kidnapped and is now acting as a life support. Thomson asserts that the woman has no moral obligation to remain connected to the violinist, and if she did it would be an extraordinary act of kindness. However, Singer claims that a utilitarian outlook would imply that one is morally obliged to stay connected to the violinist. Ultimately, in countries where abortion is legal abortion should be the choice of the mother. However, abortion is not without its dangers, such as damage to the uterus as well as depression and guilt. With this in mind, abortion may not be as safe as many believe.

Visual Spatual Learner :: essays research papers

Her next clue was something she noticed when she was demonstrating drawing to a class, and trying to give a verbal explanation of the methods she was using. She found that she often would "simply stop talking right in the middle of a sentence. I would hear my voice stop and I would think about getting back to the sentence, but finding the words again would seem like a terrible chore -- and I didn't really want to anyhow. But pulling myself back at last, I would resume talking -- and then find that I had lost contact with the drawing, which suddenly seemed confusing and difficult. Thus I picked up a new bit of information: I could either talk or draw, but I couldn't do both at once." ~*~*~*~ A part of the answer is that, from childhood onward, we have learned to see things in terms of words: we name things, and we know facts about them. The dominant left verbal hemisphere doesn't want too much information about things it perceives -- just enough to recognize and to categorize. The left brain, in this sense, learns to take a quick look and says, "Right, that's a chair ...." Because the brain is overloaded most of the time with incoming information, it seems that one of its functions is to screen out a large proportion of incoming perceptions. This is a necessary process to enable us to focus our thinking and one that works very well for us most of the time. But drawing requires that you look at something for a long time, perceiving lots of details, registering as much information as possible -- ideally, everything.... Symptoms of Dyslexia Dyslexic people are visual, multi-dimensional thinkers. We are intuitive and highly creative, and excel at hands-on learning. It is sometimes hard for us to understand letters, numbers, symbols, and written words because we think in pictures but learning to adapt this hidden talent can lead to success, particularly in creative and inventive fields. Reading: Â · Fluctuating memory problems with letters, words or numbers -- including sequences such as the alphabet. Â · Skipping over or scrambling letters, words and sentences. Â · Reading is a slow, tiring process often accompanied with head tilting or finger pointing. Â · Reversal of similar letters (such as "b" and "d"), words (such as "saw" and "was") and numbers (such as "6" and "9"). Â · Letters and words blur, move, double, scramble or are omitted or added.

The Impact of Divorce on Children :: Sociology Psychology

Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household watching mommy go down on her boyfriends. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America , received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual change occurred. Mothers were first given custody of young children and eventually of older children as well. Today, the trend is changing again, with many couples opting for, or courts ordering, joint custody. Several studies have been done to decipher which custody situation provides the most security and stability for children of divorced families, but it remains that each situation is unique and the individuality of the child(ren) must be the top consideration in making these arrangements. The decision for a couple to divorce is, at best, an emotionally difficult and exhausting time. The Impact of Divorce on Children :: Sociology Psychology Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household watching mommy go down on her boyfriends. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America , received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual change occurred. Mothers were first given custody of young children and eventually of older children as well. Today, the trend is changing again, with many couples opting for, or courts ordering, joint custody. Several studies have been done to decipher which custody situation provides the most security and stability for children of divorced families, but it remains that each situation is unique and the individuality of the child(ren) must be the top consideration in making these arrangements. The decision for a couple to divorce is, at best, an emotionally difficult and exhausting time.

Primary and Secondary Socialization Essay

Introduction Socialization is the communication or interaction process in which the norms and values of a culture are learnt, whereby the individual gains knowledge to adapt his or her behavior to that of a social group (Groenman et al., p.202). It is significant to re-emphasize the idea of interaction in the above definition. Where there is interaction, influences are reciprocal and socialization is not merely a one-way process. Parents discover from children just as children do from their parents. In the same way, teachers learn from pupils, heads of departments from students, etc. The socialization process is not restricted to the uncomplicated social skill required in contacts with others. Within the idea of socialization, a difference is made between primary socialization and secondary socialization. Body Primary socialization is a technical term signifying the practice whereby norms and values are obtained (and by the way, has nothing to do with the nationalization of industry or going out to parties). Primary socialization is an exchange of communication between infant and others, but in the first instance, and for quite a time thereafter, it is an exchange in which information in dominates: if we know who we are, it is because, a long time ago, beyond the reach of the conscious recall, other people told us (Jenkins, p.64). Primary socialization is the realm of categorization, and sets patterns for our receptiveness to being categorized in the life that follows. As a child or as an individual, I had always been dreaming of achieving a higher status or class in the society. I always sought perfection in the things that I do, and really did my best to achieve it. Sometimes, because of this quest for perfection, I tend to see the faults or errors in things, as well as in my personality. As such, I began to question the way I was raised (in a positive manner) and asked my parents how they took care of me while I was a baby. My mother recalls that she always had to play classical music for me and kept watching scientific and political news or documentaries. She also told me that she lectures about being a role model in the society while I was still in her womb, before she went to bed. Primary socialization may be informal and it may denote the elementary education that takes place mainly inside the family circle. The explicit gender roles and behaviors are primarily learned at home. When I was a child, I remember myself being curious as to what my parents were doing. I noticed that my mother usually takes care of the laundry, cooking (including the preparation of the dining table), washing of dishes, cleaning the house and planting of small plants, flowers and herbs. My father on the other hand, busies himself with the repairs in the house. He fixes or repairs the busted electric bulbs, leaking water pipes, clogged sink, damaged roof and whatever appliances which were not properly functioning. At first, I thought that these tasks were only performed in our home. However, by observing my grandparents, our neighbors and my classmates’ parents, I learned that generally, most of the males performed the tasks which my father was doing, while most of the females were doing the tasks which my mother was doing. As such, I began to understand and realize that someday, I’ll be doing tasks which are similar to the tasks done by my father. On the other hand, I had the idea that my sisters would be, someday, doing the same tasks which my mother was doing. In primary socialization, a developing child learns what behavior is â€Å"usual†, â€Å"right† or â€Å"natural† according to the norms that are present in the group in which he grows and it may be in an informal manner. This course of action points to the child’s adjustment to social life, whereby the child develops from an instinctual being to a competent and disciplined social actor who has learned to take the expectations of others into consideration. Upon growing up, emulating my father, I was able to have similar voting habits like him. During my childhood days, he was able to tell a story about his childhood life, where he usually faints in a difficult situation or get asthma instead of expressing anger. Somehow, I noticed that I am expressing the same ways of being ill as my father. I had a fight with a schoolmate once and the last thing I remember was I was already resting in a bed in the school clinic with an oxygen mask. I was not hit or physically attacked, however, the pressure or idea of getting into troubled rushed in my head causing me to panic and faint (in addition to the point that I had asthma during my childhood days). Fainting during a fight was embarrassing for a guy like me and I had to search books in order to cure which I thought before as an â€Å"incurable disease of fainting†. From my father and from the books, I learned that my response or the behavior which I exhibited earlier was normal and that it happens to most of children who are in the same situation as I do. After learning this, I was able to develop self-confidence and learned to protect myself against other children’s insults during that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primary socialization can also be formal, as in a school where a child is trained or educated the norms and values of those running the school (Tuckett, 2001, p.15).   Recalling the past, I learned that as long as I am doing things which are right (based from school laws and regulations), I do not have to fear my perpetuators and that I have the right to argue my ideas. Somehow, I was able to strengthen my mental and emotional abilities and soon after, my social life had gained a favorable position in the school. I was also able to gain the respect of my teachers and some school administrators. Because of this respect, I told myself to study harder and see to it that I excel academically. Education became really important to me that I devoted most of my time studying and learning things from the book, as well as from my teachers. Primary socialization includes, for example, the learning of language, the learning of relatively controlled behavior, and the learning of the ability to give and receive trust (things which I have learned from my parents or within my family). This form of socialization takes place in primary groups, for example, a family. A primary group is often defined as a group with close and diffuse relationships. The group members know each other as whole persons, and their relationships are close and emotional, although not necessarily free of conflicts (Furseth and Repstad,   2006, p.115).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In addition to primary socialization, sociologists also consider of a secondary socialization process which functions all through a person’s life. As a new member of a medical school or of a particular medical â€Å"firm†, or as a visitor to his fiancà ©e’s parents, an individual may be socialized formally (as when a new recruit to an undergraduate society undergoes a beginning ritual or when a new patient in hospital is formally admitted to the ward).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just like in primary socialization, secondary socialization can also be informal, by gradually attuning himself to the subtleties of meanings and actions in the new situation. The way in which recruits to occupations in medicine, the law, the army, sociology, or the administrative grades of the civil service are socialized so that they come to think, act as, and indeed â€Å"are† doctors, barristers, officers, sociologists or permanent secretaries, is a special form of secondary socialization termed professionalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to my profession, I learned to practice the professional ethics or exhibit the behaviors which are expected from a person of my status. In addition to this, it seems as if society often keeps an eye to the things which I did. My performance and my achievements (as well as some failures) were often noted by other people (especially our nosy neighbors) which made me learn or understand that I have to perform better and show a better performance. It also made me perform actions which conforms to the norms of the society and see to it that I do not violate any law which the society has set in my path.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The norms and values that exist within social groups are maintained by processes that sociologists conceived of as social control. Again, social control goes on informally as well as formally. Informal processes range form the uncomplicated fact that is generally easier to get along in a social group if deviance from norms, in what has been regarded as both a profound and a trivial demonstration. In addition to this, the concept of secondary socialization is used to illustrate groups characterized by more targeted and restricted social relations in, for example, in schools, in the office or the place where I was assigned to work in and volunteer organizations where I belong. Again, secondary socialization often takes place in secondary groups, mainly outside the family circle, which provide more limited knowledge and skills that are used to fulfill specific social roles. In these groups socialization is generally more formal, even if secondary groups also offer a great deal of informal learning. Besides receiving instruction on how to do their job according to the work description, just like when I was a newcomer in the office, I had to learn, for example, where to sit during the lunch break, in order to keep up with the role they have been assigned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes secondary and primary socialization are in conflict. This may occur in situations. This occurred when the secondary socialization in my peer groups introduced me to sub-cultural norms which were incompatible with the norms which present in my family through primary socialization. However, often more fundamental socialization processes are carried through from primary socialization into secondary socialization. One such instance, pertinent to my profession was gender socialization. Franzini et al., (1978, p. 313-314) illustrate how modeling and conditioning influences are brought to bear on young people, both within the family (primary socialization). Boys and young men (where I am included) learn to be more dominant and aggressive, and aspire to â€Å"male† occupations such as business, engineering and the sciences. Girls and young women learn to be more passive and nurturant, and aspire to â€Å"female† occupations such as teaching, social work and nursing. In this area, there is a difference between sociology and at least some disciplines within psychology. Some schools of psychology have emphasized the effects that primary socialization have for our choices later in life. Several sociologists will argue that socialization during the adult phase has a great effect. This view will allow us to claim that not only do parents socialize their children, but children also socialize their parents. For example, may religious parents have changed their views on issues such as marriage and morality, especially cohabitation and homosexuality (observed from the siblings of my neighbors), and the agents of socialization have often been their own children. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Socialization is the communication or interaction process and can be categorized as primary and secondary socialization. Primary socialization implies the practice whereby norms and values are obtained, and can be learned formally or informally. Primary socialization consists of the learning of language of relatively controlled behavior, and of the ability to give and receive trust within the family circle. Secondary socialization on the other hand is learned outside the family and usually in schools and workplaces. Just like the primary socialization, secondary socialization can be acquired formally and informally. Primary and secondary socialization may sometimes be in conflict, where the norms and values learned in schools and in the workplaces are different from those learned within the family or inside the house. References FRANZINI, L. R., LITROWNIK, A. J. & BLANCHARD, F. H. (1978) Modelling of sex-typed behaviours: effects on boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 14, 313-314. FURSETH, I. & REPSTAD, P. (2006) An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion, England, Ashgate Publishing Limited. GROENMAN, N. H., SLEVIN, O. D. A. & BUCKENHAM, M. A. (1992) Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nurses, Edinburgh, Campion Press Limited. TUCKETT, D. (2001) An Introduction to Medical Sociology, London, Routledge.